Fifty
Shades of Grey's success highlights the lack of age restriction on
selling erotic fiction. Why are books freely available to children when
other media are highly policed?
Teenagers sneaking into 18-certificate movies featuring sex
or violence - by pretending to be older than they are - has long been a
rite of passage. Their efforts are attempts to avoid a long-established
regulatory framework.
But for the same teenager to go into their local bookshop and
buy Anais Nin's short stories, Brett Easton Ellis's American Psycho or
Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita - all of which involve either explicit sex or
violence - is perfectly legal.
The huge commercial success of Fifty Shades of Grey has
brought erotic fiction into shops and supermarkets like never before.
Last weekend eight of the top 10 on the Sunday Times bestseller list
were erotic fiction.
Unlike television - with its nine o'clock watershed - and the
age classification of films and video games, and even the labelling of
explicit lyrics on music, there is no age restriction on buying books in
the UK.
And yet there is apparently
little in the way of moral panic about children getting hold of Fifty
Shades, a paean to sadomasochism. Children's author GP Taylor has been
something of a lone voice, arguing that EL James's novel would leave
children
"with a view of sex which is warped".
A trip to Daunt's, the venerable bookshop in London's
Marylebone, offers a good example of the apparent double standard
afforded to literature.
On a shelf behind the counter, nestling next to the latest John Banville novel, is the cellophane-wrapped Shades trilogy.
It's not on the top shelf. Nor is there any sticker warning
of "adult content". So does the bookshop have a policy on selling Fifty
Shades to children?
Ben Paynter, the bespectacled well-spoken bookseller on duty,
says they would be "mad" not to promote Fifty Shades in this way - it's
probably their top seller. But he would have qualms about children
getting their hands on it.
"I haven't seen any children buying it. I've sold it to girls
in their mid teens, probably about 15 or 16. With children up to the
age of 13 you have more of a responsibility. And their parents might
come back at you." In short, he would sell the book to teenagers but not
younger children.
Waterstones has issued guidance to staff on its intranet. "In
the event a child tried to buy it, our booksellers would refuse to sell
it," a spokesman says. But the age at which it becomes acceptable is
not spelled out and readers are unlikely to be asked for ID.
Psychologist's view
"Broadcasting explicit depictions of sex leaves little to the
imagination. Such portrayals are 'in your face' and once a child has
been exposed to them, the experience cannot be taken back," says
Barrie Gunter, professor of mass communication at the University of Leicester.
"Books are different. Texts require us as readers to conjure
up our own images of the events and people described. This means we are
protected by our imaginations. Children's imaginations - because of
their limited life experiences - accord them even more protection.
"With books that are about sex, there may be concerns about
the embarrassment factor. They might prompt kids to ask mum and dad
awkward questions about sex. But there is much less reason to be
concerned about the harm factor because the younger the child the less
they are likely to relate to adult themes."
In contrast, the Foyles chain has
no age policy on the sale of its books, a spokesman says. Tesco, which
stocks bestsellers, refuses to comment on Fifty Shades of Grey.
Books are subject to UK laws, such as the Obscene
Publications Acts and the Protection of Children Act 1978. And there are
laws governing incitement to hatred on racial, religious and sexual
orientation grounds.
In 1960 Penguin was prosecuted under the 1959 Obscene
Publications Act for publishing the unexpurgated version of DH
Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover. The publisher won in what was a
landmark ruling for freedom of expression.
But today it is hard to imagine a book's publication being
fought over in the Old Bailey. It's not just the law. Culturally, books
are seen as benign in contrast to more invasive media like film, video
games and the internet.
"There's a difference to being presented with sexually
explicit images and imagining what you're reading," says the children's
literary critic Amanda Craig. "So in that sense it's more of an elite
pursuit."
The anomaly has been highlighted by the success of Fifty
Shades but goes wider. Booksellers may have an age policy on this
individual bestseller but it is still possible for a curious child to
walk into a bookshop and leave with a stack of violent or sex-heavy
novels, with no questions asked.
"Perhaps these books should be labelled with 'not as racy as it sounds'”
Former children's laureate Michael Rosen
Sven Hassel's war novels, Last
Exit to Brooklyn, A Clockwork Orange, anything by James Herbert, Nancy
Friday's The Secret Garden, Platform by Michel Houellebecq,
Trainspotting, and The Story of O would raise eyebrows among many
parents.
Adult books are not badged to warn children or their parents.
It is irrational, says Sam Leith, Evening Standard columnist
and former literary editor of the Daily Telegraph. "There is a sort of
implicit class assumption that you censor the mass media like films,
that the weak-minded lower orders might have their minds twisted."
Children stumbling across "dirty books" on a dusty bookcase, because of the more middle class association, is seen as okay.
"I don't think you should censor books but there is this
strange anomaly - it's common sense that films can deprave and corrupt,
and that books can't."
Like a lot of "commonsense" ideas, it's totally wrong, Leith argues.
Books which have caused a stir
- Lady Chatterley's Lover by DH Lawrence (1928) -
Obscene Publications Act used in 1960 against Penguin Books for
publishing unexpurgated version. Penguin not guilty, ban lifted.
- Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller (1934) -
Publication in 1961 in United States led to obscenity trials, but US
Supreme Court declared the book not obscene in 1964.
- Last Exit to Brooklyn by Hubert Selby Jr (1964)
- subject of successful private prosecution for obscenity in Britain in
1967, brought by Tory MP Sir Cyril Black. Ruling overturned a year
later.
When the novel began in the 18th
Century, there was a moral panic that women's imaginations would be
"enflamed", says former children's laureate Michael Rosen.
But more recently a view has taken hold that words are good
and pictures bad. In the 1940s and 50s the equivalent panic was over
Marvel comics endangering British youth with their violent pictures. And
yet literature has been given a fairly easy ride.
"I suspect it's because people think words are quite
difficult. And that children who read a book are somehow incorruptible,"
Rosen says.
In one sense defenders of books are right, Rosen
acknowledges. Children who pick up a copy of Lady Chatterley's Lover or
even Fifty Shades of Grey will have to turn a lot of pages concerned
with suggestion and reflection before they get to the action. "It's all
in the fluttering. Perhaps these books should be labelled with 'not as
racy as it sounds'."
Craig, who has teenage children, says any book seems pretty
gentle these days compared with what's available elsewhere. She wouldn't
leave Fifty Shades of Grey around the house. "I have read that pile of
tosh. There are not many rude words. What's alarming is the conflation
of sex and violence."
And yet it is nothing in impact compared to what every teenager can get on the their mobile phone, she argues.
"When you know anything about online porn, you know it's
something you cannot control. It's quite astonishing what gets passed
around on an iPhone. That is so much more immediate and so much more
worrying."
By Tom de Castella
BBC News Magazine